Losses and purchase price should be considered when deciding which transformer to purchase. The purpose of this bulletin is to present a uniform approach that can be used to determine the dollar value of these losses over the life of the transformer.
In electricity supply to final consumers, losses refer to the amounts of electricity injected into the transmission and distribution grids that are not paid for by users. 1 total losses have two components: technical and non-technical.
Drawing on cases from electricity distribution and other infrastructure industries, and from experiences spanning Asia, Africa and Latin America, this book examines new business models to bring basic utility services to the four billion people comprising the base of the socio-economic pyramid.
Resumen ejecutivo de energía y luz eléctrica
Revisión de Hydro
Ingeniería de la Energía
Ingeniería de Energía Internacional
Mundo de las energías renovables
Smart Energy International
Social participation as part of a soft initiative with the impacted communities, their leaderships and population, with analysis and mitigation of social and affordability impacts. Building a positive engagement with the local community is a key ingredient to the sustainability of an electricity loss program. This engagement must be established with the official and non-official leaders of the community and addressing their concerns when implementing the program. In some cases, having the support from Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) can also deliver effective results as these organizations can have proximity to the communities.
As part of the social initiatives, these other items should be considered:
(i) verify affordability and facilitate access to credit by promoting financing for the purchase of appliances or solar heating systems. This can also be associated with energy efficiency or conservation initiatives on household items, in particular during peak time consumption. Repayment of financing could be associated with the reductions on the value of the electricity bill.
(ii) strengthen the ability to pay of communities by promoting new sources of income in poor communities and / or a policy of discount on the energy bill (e.g..: exchange of recycling material in exchange for discounts, training courses and among others).
iii) introduce “motivational” products which is the creation of products that encourage consumers to pay their energy bill, such as insurance, prize draws, discounts on medicines, or discounts on household products and food, and
(iv) consider introducing prepaid systems as advance payment is one of the most efficient means of enforcing the budget constraint and reducing possible noncommercial losses
Has the utility engaged the relevant communities identifying affordability considerations and facilitating access to credit and ability to pay?
Establish a training program and management of the contracted crews to observe their ethical behavior with monitoring of service providers. Eventually incentives or penalties for service providers can be considered. Carry out specific training for all professionals involved in the activity and draw up an annual plan to improve design of the training program and verify its effectiveness. In addition, seek uniformity by conducting talks on the operational bases to unify and standardize the inspection procedure and best practices.
Consider establishing partnership with local inspection companies, promoting the creation of micro-companies made up of people from the community to carry out local inspection and customer orientation, whose payment is a fixed value, maximum value according to the percentage reduction of non-technical losses and percentage of prompt payments.
Has the utility established a training program with contracted crews and partnerships with inspection companies with incentives to reduce electricity loss?
The engineering team should always look for new equipment and materials that, in addition to meeting the technical criteria, also minimize its operating and maintenance costs. The main elements and innovations available in power systems can be optimized from this perspective:
a. Transformer/Substation: Indicators and monitoring devices are installed for the monitoring the internal condition/unmanned operation of the distribution transformer/ substation and remote monitoring and operation is through the 3G/4G/GPS system.
b. Smart Meter: A 3G/4G/GPS based metering system may be installed on the main equipment and transformers. The meter should measure, monitor, and record the different system parameters. The meter can continuously monitor the performance of the equipment and give signal to the operation center through communication channel in case of abnormal behavior.
c. Distributed Generation and Electric Vehicles: New players that can interact with the power grid may initially represent an increase in the costs of the utility, because new equipment will be necessary to adapt them, however the company must seek ways to encourage the installation and use of such devices in places where they can provide some benefit such as reducing the level of losses.
The engineering team should always look for new equipment and materials that, in addition to meeting the technical criteria, also minimize its operating and maintenance costs
La Comunidad de la Energía es una organización internacional que reúne a la Unión Europea y sus vecinos para crear un mercado energético paneuropeo integrado. La organización fue fundada por el Tratado por el que se establece la Comunidad de la Energía firmado en octubre de 2005 en Atenas, Grecia, en vigor desde julio de 2006. El objetivo principal de la Comunidad de la Energía es ampliar las normas y principios del mercado interior de la energía de la UE a los países del sudeste de Europa.
This paper describes a reliability forecasting approach developed by EPCOR Distribution & Transmission Inc. (EPCOR) and METSCO Energy Solutions Inc. (METSCO) which allows for the system-wide reliability impacts (SAIFI, SAIDI) of varying capital investment scenarios to be quantified and forecasted over a ten-year period.
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.
